RabbitMQ tutorial - Topics

Topics

(using BunnySwift)

info

Prerequisites

This tutorial assumes RabbitMQ is installed and running on localhost on the standard port (5672). In case you use a different host, port or credentials, connections settings would require adjusting.

Where to get help

If you're having trouble going through this tutorial you can contact us through GitHub Discussions or RabbitMQ community Discord.

In the previous tutorial we improved our logging system. Instead of using a fanout exchange only capable of dummy broadcasting, we used a direct one, and gained a possibility of selectively receiving the logs.

Although using the direct exchange improved our system, it still has limitations - it can't do routing based on multiple criteria.

In our logging system we might want to subscribe to not only logs based on severity, but also based on the source which emitted the log. You might know this concept from the syslog unix tool, which routes logs based on both severity (info/warn/crit...) and facility (auth/cron/kern...).

That would give us a lot of flexibility - we may want to listen to just critical errors coming from 'cron' but also all logs from 'kern'.

To implement that in our logging system we need to learn about a more complex topic exchange.

Topic exchange

Messages sent to a topic exchange can't have an arbitrary routingKey - it must be a list of words, delimited by dots. The words can be anything, but usually they specify some features connected to the message. A few valid routing key examples: stock.usd.nyse, nyse.vmw, quick.orange.rabbit. There can be as many words in the routing key as you like, up to the limit of 255 bytes.

The binding key must also be in the same form. The logic behind the topic exchange is similar to a direct one - a message sent with a particular routing key will be delivered to all the queues that are bound with a matching binding key. However there are two important special cases for binding keys:

• * (star) can substitute for exactly one word.
• # (hash) can substitute for zero or more words.

It's easiest to explain this in an example:

In this example, we're going to send messages which all describe animals. The messages will be sent with a routing key that consists of three words (two dots). The first word in the routing key will describe speed, second a colour and third a species: <speed>.<colour>.<species>.

We created three bindings: Q1 is bound with binding key *.orange.* and Q2 with *.*.rabbit and lazy.#.

These bindings can be summarised as:

• Q1 is interested in all the orange animals.
• Q2 wants to hear everything about rabbits, and everything about lazy animals.

A message with a routing key set to quick.orange.rabbit will be delivered to both queues. Message lazy.orange.elephant also will go to both of them. On the other hand quick.orange.fox will only go to the first queue, and lazy.brown.fox only to the second. lazy.pink.rabbit will be delivered to the second queue only once, even though it matches two bindings. quick.brown.fox doesn't match any binding so it will be discarded.

What happens if we break our contract and send a message with one or four words, like orange or quick.orange.new.rabbit? Well, these messages won't match any bindings and will be lost.

On the other hand lazy.orange.new.rabbit, even though it has four words, will match the last binding and will be delivered to the second queue.

Topic exchange

Topic exchange is powerful and can behave like other exchanges.

When a queue is bound with # (hash) binding key - it will receive all the messages, regardless of the routing key - like in fanout exchange.

When special characters * (star) and # (hash) aren't used in bindings, the topic exchange will behave just like a direct one.

Putting it all together

We're going to use a topic exchange in our logging system. We'll start off with a working assumption that the routing keys of logs will have two words: <facility>.<severity>.

The code is almost the same as in the previous tutorial.

As always, we need to create an exchange first:

let exchange = try await channel.topic("topic_logs")

And we're ready to send a message:

try await channel.basicPublish(
    body: Data(message.utf8),
    exchange: exchange.name,
    routingKey: routingKey
)

The code for EmitLogTopic:

import BunnySwift
import Foundation

@main
struct EmitLogTopic {
    static func main() async throws {
        let connection = try await Connection.open()
        let channel = try await connection.openChannel()
        let exchange = try await channel.topic("topic_logs")

        var args = Array(CommandLine.arguments.dropFirst())
        let routingKey = args.isEmpty ? "anonymous.info" : args.removeFirst()
        let message = args.isEmpty ? "Hello World!" : args.joined(separator: " ")

        try await channel.basicPublish(
            body: Data(message.utf8),
            exchange: exchange.name,
            routingKey: routingKey
        )
        print(" [x] Sent '\(routingKey):\(message)'")

        try await connection.close()
    }
}

(EmitLogTopic source)

The code for ReceiveLogsTopic:

import BunnySwift

@main
struct ReceiveLogsTopic {
    static func main() async throws {
        let bindingKeys = Array(CommandLine.arguments.dropFirst())
        guard !bindingKeys.isEmpty else {
            print("Usage: ReceiveLogsTopic [binding_key]...")
            return
        }

        let connection = try await Connection.open()
        let channel = try await connection.openChannel()
        let exchange = try await channel.topic("topic_logs")
        let queue = try await channel.queue("", exclusive: true)

        for key in bindingKeys {
            try await queue.bind(to: exchange, routingKey: key)
        }

        print(" [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C")

        let consumer = try await channel.basicConsume(
            queue: queue.name,
            acknowledgementMode: .automatic
        )
        for try await message in consumer {
            print(" [x] \(message.deliveryInfo.routingKey):\(message.bodyString ?? "")")
        }
    }
}

(ReceiveLogsTopic source)

To receive all the logs run:

swift run ReceiveLogsTopic "#"

To receive all logs from the facility kern:

swift run ReceiveLogsTopic "kern.*"

Or if you want to hear only about critical logs:

swift run ReceiveLogsTopic "*.critical"

You can create multiple bindings:

swift run ReceiveLogsTopic "kern.*" "*.critical"

And to emit a log with a routing key kern.critical type:

swift run EmitLogTopic "kern.critical" "A critical kernel error"

Have fun playing with these programs. Note that the code doesn't make any assumption about the routing or binding keys, you may want to play with more than two routing key parameters.

Move on to tutorial 6 to learn about RPC.